Book design has generally been collaborative since the invention of printing. A designer usually works with a range of people within the publishing and printing industries. A printed book is  the culmination of a group effort, between author, publisher, editor, designer and printer at least; often other specialists are also involved to realise the book. With the rise of self-publishing the traditional relationships between different actors has significantly changed. The person creating the content, designing its form of communication and distributing it may now be the same.