Source: edited from Wikipedia. References to be followed up and expanded as part of my exploration of experimental typography.
Concrete, pattern, or shape poetry is an arrangement of linguistic elements in which the typographical effect is more important in conveying meaning than verbal significance. As such, concrete poetry relates more to the visual than to the verbal arts and there is a considerable overlap in the kind of product to which it refers.
It is difficult to define:”a printed concrete poem is ambiguously both typographic-poetry and poetic-typography” (Houédard). Works cross artistic boundaries into the areas of music and sculpture, or can alternatively be defined as sound poetry, visual poetry, found poetry and typewriter art.
Despite blurring of artistic boundaries, however, concrete poetry can be viewed as taking its place in a predominantly visual tradition stretching over more than two millennia that seeks to draw attention to the word in the space of the page, and to the spaces between words, as an aid to emphasising their significance.
History
Greece
Shaped poetry was popular in Greek Alexandria during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE.
- Simmias of Rhodes poems in the shape of an egg, wings and a hatchet
- Theocritus’ pan-pipes.
15th and 16th Century church
- Gerechtigkeitsspirale (spiral of justice), a relief carving by Erhart Falckener of a poem at the pilgrimage church of St. Valentin in the German town of Hesse. The text is carved in the form of a spiral on the front of one of the church pews.
Jewish and Islamic calligraphy
creation of images of natural objects without directly breaking the prohibition of creating “graven images” that might be interpreted as idolatry.
- Micrography: Hebrew-speaking artists created pictures using tiny arrangements of Biblical texts organized usually on paper in images which illustrate the text used.
- Islamic calligraphy.
France 19th and 20th century
- Poems in the shape of wine flagons by Rabelais and Charles-François Panard
- Stephane Mallarme (1842-1898) Throw of the Dice 1897 – 700 word poem set in Didot but employing a range of styles and silence of whites[ace.
- Guillaume Apollinaire calligrammes and ‘visual interferences’, with poems in, among others, the shape of a necktie, a fountain and raindrops running down a window.
- Sound poetry in Marinetti’s Zang Tumb Tumb (1912)
- Raoul Hausmann ‘Phonemes’
- Russia the Futurist poet Vasily Kamensky ‘ferro-concrete poems’ Tango with Cows, published in 1914, (zhelezobetonnye poemy)
- ‘poems’ simplified to a simple arrangement of the letters of the alphabet.
- Louis Aragon, for example, exhibited the sequence from a to z and titled it “Suicide” (1926)
- Kurt Schwitters’ “ZA (elementary)” has the alphabet in reverse
- Catalan writer Josep Maria Junoy (1885-1955) placed just the letters Z and A at the top and bottom of the page under the title “Ars Poetica”
- Dutch typographer H.N. Werkman in 1920s progressed to using the typewriter to create abstract patterns (which he called tiksels), using not just letters but also purely linear elements.
- ‘typestracts’ of the concrete poet Dom Sylvester Houédard during the 1960s.
Post-war concrete poetry
Brazil
During the early 1950s two Brazilian artistic groups producing severely abstract and impersonal work were joined by poets linked to the São Paolo magazine Noigrandes who began to treat language in an equally abstract way. Their work was termed “concrete poetry” after they exhibited along with the artists in the National Exhibition of Concrete Art (1956/57). The poets included Augusto de Campos, Haroldo de Campos and Décio Pignatari, who were joined in the exhibition by Ferreira Gullar, Ronaldo Azeredo and Wlademir Dias Pino from Rio de Janeiro. In 1958 a Brazilian concrete poetry manifesto was published and an anthology in 1962.
Europe
Houedard: inspired by 1962 publication in The Times Literary Supplement of a letter from the Brazilian E.M. de Melo e Castro. His work was produced principally on the typewriter but approximates more to painterly and sculptural procedures.
Ian Hamilton Finlay :Ian Hamilton Finlay’s concrete poetry began on the page but then moved increasingly towards three dimensional figuration and afterwards to site-specific art in the creation of his sculpture garden at Little Sparta.
Henri Chopin’s work was related to his musical treatment of the word.
Kenelm Cox (1927-68) was a kinetic artist “interested in the linear, serial aspects of visual experience but particularly in the process of change,” whose revolving machines transcended the static page in being able to express this.
Bob Cobbing, who was also a sound poet, had been experimenting with typewriter and duplicator since 1942. Of its possibilities in suggesting the physical dimension of the auditory process, he declared that “One can get the measure of a poem with the typewriter’s accurate left/right & up & down movements; but superimposition by means of stencil and duplicator enable one to dance to this measure.”
American Minimalist artist Carl André, beginning from about 1958 and in parallel with his changing artistic procedures.
Tom Phillips visual artist, who uses painterly and decorative procedures to isolate them on the page. In A Humument he explores unintended concordances of meaning.